1 Introduction Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is a severe, life-threatening inflammatory condition of the lungs commonly triggered by infections such as bacterial pneumonia, viral pathogens (e.g., influenza and SARS-CoV-2), and systemic sepsis ( The pathogenesis of ARDS involves an exaggerated immune response that damages alveolar structures, disrupts the alveolar-capillary barrier, and promotes excessive inflammation, vascular leakage, and oxygenation failure ( Regulated cell death pathways, such as apoptosis, pyroptosis, necroptosis, and ferroptosis, play pivotal roles in controlling inflammation and maintaining tissue integrity
Cystatins of filarial nematodes up-regulate the nitric oxide production of interferon-gamma-activated murine macrophages
Morphological alterations to the mitochondria occur during ferroptosis when atrophy of the whole mitochondria and a decrease in mitochondrial cristae are seen
Unlike common drugs, peptides do not leave long-lasting metabolites because they break down into amino acids
